{"id":7302,"date":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/jak-funguje-kamera-podrobne-vysvetleni\/"},"modified":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","slug":"jak-funguje-kamera-podrobne-vysvetleni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/jak-funguje-kamera-podrobne-vysvetleni\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak funguje kamera. Podrobn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ptali jste se n\u011bkdy, jak funguje fotoapar\u00e1t? Pochopen\u00ed toho, jak fotoapar\u00e1t funguje, m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00e1\u0161 cit pro fotografick\u00e9 \u0159emeslo, a\u0165 u\u017e se v\u011bnujete fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo v\u00e1s jen zaj\u00edm\u00e1 vnit\u0159n\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 mechanikou fotoapar\u00e1tu, popisuje fungov\u00e1n\u00ed zrcadlovek a digit\u00e1ln\u00edch fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f a stru\u010dn\u011b pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o pohybech fotoapar\u00e1tu. <\/p>\n

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Fotoapar\u00e1t je v podstat\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje po\u0159izovat a uchov\u00e1vat vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed sn\u00edmky. Objektiv, z\u00e1v\u011brka a obrazov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d jsou t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti fotoapar\u00e1tu. Obrazov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d shroma\u017e\u010fuje sv\u011btlo a m\u011bn\u00ed ho na elektronick\u00fd sign\u00e1l pomoc\u00ed objektivu, kter\u00fd ho zaost\u0159uje na sn\u00edma\u010d. Expozici fotografie \u0159\u00edd\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011brka, kter\u00e1 reguluje dobu, po kterou m\u016f\u017ee sv\u011btlo dopadat na obrazov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d. <\/p>\n

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P\u0159edstavte si fotoapar\u00e1t jako malou temnou komoru, abyste pochopili, jak funguje. Po stisknut\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtka spou\u0161t\u011b se objektiv otev\u0159e a umo\u017en\u00ed sv\u011btlu vstoupit dovnit\u0159 a proj\u00edt k obrazov\u00e9mu sn\u00edma\u010di. P\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btlo je zachyceno obrazov\u00fdm sn\u00edma\u010dem, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z milion\u016f mal\u00fdch pixel\u016f citliv\u00fdch na sv\u011btlo, a pot\u00e9 je transformov\u00e1no na elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l. Elektronika ve fotoapar\u00e1tu pak tento sign\u00e1l zpracuje a vytvo\u0159\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed obraz sc\u00e9ny. <\/p>\n

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Zrcadlovky s jedn\u00edm objektivem, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako zrcadlovky, funguj\u00ed trochu jinak ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed typy fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f. Mezi objektivem a obrazov\u00fdm sn\u00edma\u010dem zrcadlovky se nach\u00e1z\u00ed zrcadlo. Zrcadlo odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed obraz, kter\u00fd vstupuje do va\u0161eho oka p\u0159i pohledu do hled\u00e1\u010dku. Po stisknut\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtka spou\u0161t\u011b se v\u0161ak zrc\u00e1tko vyklop\u00ed a sv\u011btlo vstupuje p\u0159\u00edmo na obrazov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d. Tento syst\u00e9m zaji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee obraz, kter\u00fd vid\u00edte v hled\u00e1\u010dku, je p\u0159esn\u00fdm zobrazen\u00edm v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho produktu. <\/p>\n

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Naproti tomu digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1ty pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k z\u00e1znamu a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f elektronick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1ty pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00edsto filmu obrazov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de, b\u011b\u017en\u011b sn\u00edma\u010de CCD nebo CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor). Sv\u011btlo je t\u011bmito sn\u00edma\u010di p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bno na elektrick\u00e9 impulsy, kter\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1sledn\u011b zpracov\u00e1ny a ulo\u017eeny jako digit\u00e1ln\u00ed data. Chcete-li tento materi\u00e1l zobrazit, upravit a sd\u00edlet, sta\u010d\u00ed jej p\u0159en\u00e9st do po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nebo jin\u00e9ho digit\u00e1ln\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. <\/p>\n

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Nyn\u00ed v rychlosti probereme pohyby fotoapar\u00e1tu. Pohyby fotoapar\u00e1tu se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed schopnosti fotoapar\u00e1tu pohybovat se a m\u011bnit svou polohu za \u00fa\u010delem dosa\u017een\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch fotografick\u00fdch efekt\u016f. N\u00e1klon, v\u00fdkyv, posun a ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed je n\u011bkolik \u010dast\u00fdch pohyb\u016f fotoapar\u00e1tu. Mo\u017enosti ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto pohyb\u016f p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jak ru\u010dn\u00ed ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, tak pou\u017eit\u00ed specializovan\u00fdch stroj\u016f. Fotografov\u00e9 mohou \u00fapravou polohy fotoapar\u00e1tu m\u011bnit perspektivu, hloubku ostrosti a zaost\u0159en\u00ed sn\u00edmku a vytv\u00e1\u0159et tak origin\u00e1ln\u00ed a n\u00e1padit\u00e9 kompozice. <\/p>\n

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Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee d\u016fkladn\u00e1 znalost fungov\u00e1n\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1tu v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee po\u0159izovat lep\u0161\u00ed sn\u00edmky. Ka\u017ed\u00fd prvek, od objektivu a z\u00e1v\u011brky a\u017e po obrazov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d a elektrick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, je pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed fotografie z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pojmy plat\u00ed bez ohledu na to, zda pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1t nebo zrcadlovku. Krom\u011b toho mohou fotografov\u00e9 d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjet sv\u016fj tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed potenci\u00e1l zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm pohyb\u016f fotoapar\u00e1tu. A\u017e budete p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b fotografovat, v\u011bnujte chvilku pozornosti slo\u017eit\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\n

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FAQ<\/div>\n
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Jak fotoapar\u00e1ty zachycuj\u00ed pohyb?<\/div>\n

Pohyb je fotoapar\u00e1ty zachycen rychl\u00fdm po\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm \u0159ady statick\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f. K tomu slou\u017e\u00ed kombinace rychlosti z\u00e1v\u011brky a sn\u00edmkov\u00e9 frekvence fotoapar\u00e1tu. Na rychlosti z\u00e1v\u011brky z\u00e1vis\u00ed, jak dlouho z\u016fstane z\u00e1v\u011brka fotoapar\u00e1tu otev\u0159en\u00e1, aby propou\u0161t\u011bla sv\u011btlo a exponovala sn\u00edma\u010d fotoapar\u00e1tu pro po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed sn\u00edmku. Po\u010det jednotliv\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou po\u0159\u00edzeny ka\u017edou sekundu, se ozna\u010duje jako sn\u00edmkov\u00e1 frekvence. <\/p>\n

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Aby fotoapar\u00e1t zachytil pohyb, mus\u00ed m\u00edt rychlou z\u00e1v\u011brku a vysokou sn\u00edmkovou frekvenci. Rychl\u00e1 z\u00e1v\u011brka vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ostr\u00e9 a jasn\u00e9 fotografie t\u00edm, \u017ee zastav\u00ed pohyb zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm doby, po kterou je z\u00e1v\u011brka otev\u0159en\u00e1. P\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed sn\u00edmkov\u00e9 frekvenci se za sekundu po\u0159\u00edd\u00ed v\u00edce sn\u00edmk\u016f, tak\u017ee pohyb p\u016fsob\u00ed plynuleji. <\/p>\n

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Fotoapar\u00e1t v podstat\u011b zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 s\u00e9rii r\u016fzn\u00fdch statick\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f, zat\u00edmco zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 pohyb. Vzhled souvisl\u00e9ho pohybu se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed rychl\u00fdm p\u0159ehr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bchto sn\u00edmk\u016f za sebou, \u010dasto rychlost\u00ed 30 sn\u00edmk\u016f za sekundu u videa nebo 24 sn\u00edmk\u016f za sekundu u filmu. <\/p>\n

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Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee fotoapar\u00e1ty zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed pohyb rychl\u00fdm po\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm s\u00e9rie statick\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f s vyu\u017eit\u00edm rychl\u00fdch \u010das\u016f z\u00e1v\u011brky a vysok\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e9 frekvence. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Jak fotoapar\u00e1ty zachycuj\u00ed barvy?<\/div>\n

Kolorimetrie je metoda, kterou fotoapar\u00e1ty pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k z\u00e1znamu barev. K tomu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed obrazov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z milion\u016f mal\u00fdch pixel\u016f citliv\u00fdch na sv\u011btlo. \u010cerven\u00e9, zelen\u00e9 a modr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo jsou t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed odst\u00edny, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel detekovat. <\/p>\n

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Fotoapar\u00e1ty pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k zachycen\u00ed barev soustavu barevn\u00fdch filtr\u016f, ozna\u010dovanou tak\u00e9 jako Bayer\u016fv filtr. Tento filtr, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 mozaikovou konstrukci slo\u017eenou z \u010derven\u00e9ho, zelen\u00e9ho a modr\u00e9ho filtru, je um\u00edst\u011bn na horn\u00ed stran\u011b obrazov\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de. Ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel na sn\u00edma\u010di zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u00edky uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed filtr\u016f pouze jednu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed barvu. <\/p>\n

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Sv\u011btlo p\u0159i vstupu do objektivu fotoapar\u00e1tu proch\u00e1z\u00ed Bayerov\u00fdm filtrem, kter\u00fd v z\u00e1vislosti na barv\u011b filtru blokuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky sv\u011btla. Jakmile filtrovan\u00e9 sv\u011btlo doraz\u00ed k obrazov\u00e9mu sn\u00edma\u010di, ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel zaznamen\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed filtrovan\u00e9ho sv\u011btla, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ijal. <\/p>\n

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Obrazov\u00fd procesor fotoapar\u00e1tu pot\u00e9 zkombinuje data z bl\u00edzk\u00fdch pixel\u016f a po shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed intenzity ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed barvy interpoluje a rekonstruuje cel\u00fd barevn\u00fd obraz. Procesor vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed hodnoty barev pro ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel na z\u00e1klad\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdch hodnot okoln\u00edch pixel\u016f pomoc\u00ed matematick\u00fdch technik. <\/p>\n

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T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem fotoapar\u00e1ty zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed barvy selektivn\u00edm filtrov\u00e1n\u00edm a m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm intenzity \u010derven\u00e9ho, zelen\u00e9ho a modr\u00e9ho sv\u011btla. N\u00e1sledn\u011b pomoc\u00ed metod zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed obrazu rekonstruuj\u00ed plnobarevn\u00fd obraz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ptali jste se n\u011bkdy, jak funguje fotoapar\u00e1t? Pochopen\u00ed toho, jak fotoapar\u00e1t funguje, m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00e1\u0161 cit pro fotografick\u00e9 \u0159emeslo, a\u0165 u\u017e se v\u011bnujete fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo v\u00e1s jen zaj\u00edm\u00e1 vnit\u0159n\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 mechanikou fotoapar\u00e1tu, popisuje fungov\u00e1n\u00ed zrcadlovek a digit\u00e1ln\u00edch fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f a stru\u010dn\u011b pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o pohybech fotoapar\u00e1tu. Fotoapar\u00e1t je v podstat\u011b … \u010c\u00edst d\u00e1l<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3797,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2870],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7302","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-obsluha-kamery"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3797"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7302"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7302\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}