{"id":14087,"date":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/jak-funguje-snimac-cmos\/"},"modified":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T00:00:00","slug":"jak-funguje-snimac-cmos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/jak-funguje-snimac-cmos\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak funguje sn\u00edma\u010d CMOS?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/div>\n

Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1ty, chytr\u00e9 telefony a dal\u0161\u00ed obrazov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor), kter\u00e9 zachycuj\u00ed a p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed sv\u011btlo na elektrick\u00e1 data. Nahradily sn\u00edma\u010de CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) jako obl\u00edben\u00e1 volba d\u00edky sv\u00fdm sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdm n\u00e1rok\u016fm na nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, rychl\u00fdm \u010das\u016fm \u010dten\u00ed a n\u00edzk\u00e9 cen\u011b. V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku se budeme podrobn\u011b zab\u00fdvat fungov\u00e1n\u00edm sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f CMOS a odpov\u00edme na n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dasto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. <\/p>\n

Je sn\u00edma\u010d CMOS digit\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo analogov\u00fd? <\/div>\n

Sn\u00edma\u010d CMOS je v podstat\u011b analogov\u00fd stroj, kter\u00fd p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed sv\u011btlo na elektrick\u00e9 impulsy. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z pole pixel\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 fotodiodu, sv\u011btlocitlivou sou\u010d\u00e1stku. Kdy\u017e na fotodiodu dopad\u00e1 sv\u011btlo, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd intenzit\u011b sv\u011btla. Tento n\u00e1boj mus\u00ed b\u00fdt nejprve p\u0159eveden z analogov\u00e9ho stavu na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1l, aby mohl b\u00fdt d\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1n. <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS je vybaven zesilova\u010dem, p\u0159evodn\u00edkem n\u00e1boje na nap\u011bt\u00ed a tranzistorem zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jako \u010dtec\u00ed nebo resetovac\u00ed tranzistor. Zesilova\u010d zvy\u0161uje mal\u00fd elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj generovan\u00fd fotodiodou na m\u011b\u0159itelnou \u00farove\u0148 nap\u011bt\u00ed, zat\u00edmco \u010dtec\u00ed tranzistor reguluje tok n\u00e1boje z fotodiody. Analogov\u011b-digit\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159evodn\u00edk (ADC) pak slou\u017e\u00ed ke vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto nap\u011bt\u00ed a jeho transformaci na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1l na \u010dipu sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS. <\/p>\n

Co je to teorie obrazov\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS? <\/div>\n

Teoretick\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem obrazov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f CMOS je fotoelektrick\u00fd jev, kter\u00fd tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad k\u0159em\u00edk, uvol\u0148uj\u00ed elektrony, kdy\u017e jsou vystaveny sv\u011btlu. T\u00edm, \u017ee sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS m\u011b\u0159\u00ed, kolik sv\u011btla dopad\u00e1 na ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tento princip k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed obrazu. Po p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b sv\u011btla na elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly sn\u00edma\u010d zpracuje a ode\u0161le data do obrazov\u00e9ho procesoru k dal\u0161\u00edmu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a ulo\u017een\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Jak vypad\u00e1 sn\u00edma\u010d CMOS? <\/div>\n

Strukturu sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS tvo\u0159\u00ed n\u011bkolik vrstev polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b k\u0159em\u00edku a oxid\u016f kov\u016f. Soustava mikro\u010do\u010dek v horn\u00ed vrstv\u011b pom\u00e1h\u00e1 soust\u0159edit dopadaj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btlo na fotodiody. Soustava barevn\u00fdch filtr\u016f (CFA) um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 pod soustavou mikro\u010do\u010dek rozd\u011bluje p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btlo na t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed barvy: \u010dervenou, zelenou a modrou. <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd pixel m\u00e1 fotodiodu, kter\u00e1 produkuje elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj v z\u00e1vislosti na mno\u017estv\u00ed sv\u011btla, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 pod CFA, ve vrstv\u011b fotodiod. S fotodiodami jsou spojeny \u010dtec\u00ed tranzistory a zesilova\u010de, kter\u00e9 reguluj\u00ed tok n\u00e1boje a zesiluj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly. Nakonec analogov\u011b-digit\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159evodn\u00edk transformuje analogov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed na zpracovatelnou a ulo\u017eitelnou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed informaci. <\/p>\n

\u010cip nebo baterie: co je CMOS? <\/div>\n

Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor neboli CMOS je zkratka pro v\u00fdrobn\u00ed technologii sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f CMOS. Jedn\u00e1 se o druh polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e1 se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v mnoha elektronick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch, v\u010detn\u011b sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f CMOS, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e o \u010dip nebo baterii jako takov\u00e9. Obvykle jsou ADC a procesor obrazov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu (ISP), kter\u00e9 jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed obrazu, rovn\u011b\u017e sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u010dipu, v n\u011bm\u017e jsou tyto sn\u00edma\u010de um\u00edst\u011bny. <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS jsou analogov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed fotoelektrick\u00e9 principy k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b sv\u011btla na elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z jeho pixel\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny do pole, m\u00e1 fotodiodu, \u010dtec\u00ed tranzistory a zesilova\u010de. P\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e dopadne na fotodiody, je p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btlo nejprve zaost\u0159eno soustavou mikro\u010do\u010dek a pot\u00e9 filtrov\u00e1no soustavou barevn\u00fdch filtr\u016f. Elektrick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje generovan\u00e9 fotodiodou jsou pot\u00e9 zes\u00edleny a transformov\u00e1ny na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1ly pro dal\u0161\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. CMOS je polovodi\u010dov\u00e1 technika vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f CMOS a dal\u0161\u00edch elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nikoli \u010dipu nebo baterie.<\/p><\/div>\n

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FAQ<\/div>\n
\n
Jak CMOS funguje jako p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d?<\/div>\n

Vyu\u017eit\u00edm vlastnost\u00ed tranzistor\u016f pln\u00ed polovodi\u010de s komplement\u00e1rn\u00edmi oxidy kov\u016f neboli CMOS funkci sp\u00edna\u010de. V obvodech CMOS se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dva r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy tranzistor\u016f – NMOS (N-channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) a PMOS (P-channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor). <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Br\u00e1na tranzistoru NMOS p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd sign\u00e1l, kter\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 pole umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159echod elektron\u016f ze zdroje do spoje, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se obvod uzav\u0159e a funguje jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd sp\u00edna\u010d. U tranzistoru NMOS se tento stav ozna\u010duje jako „zapnut\u00fd“. <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Kdy\u017e je v\u0161ak na hradlo tranzistoru PMOS p\u0159iveden nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd sign\u00e1l, vytvo\u0159\u00ed se elektrick\u00e9 pole, kter\u00e9 zabr\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fchodu elektron\u016f ze zdroje do odtoku, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se obvod ukon\u010d\u00ed a funguje jako otev\u0159en\u00fd sp\u00edna\u010d. U tranzistoru PMOS se tento stav ozna\u010duje jako „vypnut\u00fd“. <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Obvod CMOS m\u016f\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b \u0159\u00eddit tok proudu t\u00edm, \u017ee funguje jako sp\u00edna\u010d sp\u00e1rov\u00e1n\u00edm komplement\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistor\u016f NMOS a PMOS. Tranzistor PMOS je vypnut\u00fd, kdy\u017e je tranzistor NMOS aktivn\u00ed, a plat\u00ed to i naopak. Proto\u017ee d\u00edky tomu je p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi zapnut\u00fdm a vypnut\u00fdm stavem efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, je technologie CMOS \u0161iroce vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na v mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Jsou senzory CMOS k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9?<\/div>\n

Ano, k v\u00fdrob\u011b sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f CMOS se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e1 technologie. Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor neboli CMOS ozna\u010duje druh tranzistor\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou ve sn\u00edma\u010di pou\u017eity. Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de je zalo\u017eeno na t\u011bchto tranzistorech, kter\u00e9 jsou zkonstruov\u00e1ny na k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9m substr\u00e1tu. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
Z jak\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je sn\u00edma\u010d CMOS?<\/div>\n

Sn\u00edma\u010d CMOS je obvykle vyroben z k\u0159em\u00edku, polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd je \u0161iroce vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v odv\u011btv\u00ed elektroniky.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1ty, chytr\u00e9 telefony a dal\u0161\u00ed obrazov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor), kter\u00e9 zachycuj\u00ed a p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed sv\u011btlo na elektrick\u00e1 data. Nahradily sn\u00edma\u010de CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) jako obl\u00edben\u00e1 volba d\u00edky sv\u00fdm sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdm n\u00e1rok\u016fm na nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, rychl\u00fdm \u010das\u016fm \u010dten\u00ed a n\u00edzk\u00e9 cen\u011b. V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku se budeme podrobn\u011b zab\u00fdvat fungov\u00e1n\u00edm sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f CMOS a odpov\u00edme na … \u010c\u00edst d\u00e1l<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":282,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/282"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14087"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14087\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tech-lib.eu\/tech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}